what percentage of assaults are due to alcohol

Booze Use in the United States

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• Prevalence of Drinking: According to the 2019 National Survey on Drug Apply and Health (NSDUH), 85.half-dozen percent of people ages eighteen and older reported that they drank alcohol at some bespeak in their lifetime,¹ 69.five per centum reported that they drank in the by year,ⁱⁱ and 54.9 percent (59.i percent of men in this age group and 51.0 percent of women in this age group³) reported that they drank in the past month. ^three

• Prevalence of Rampage Drinking and Heavy Alcohol Utilise:In 2019, 25.eight percent of people ages 18 and older (29.vii per centum of men in this age group and 22.2 percent of women in this age grouping^iv) reported that they engaged in binge drinking in the past month,⁴ and 6.3 per centum (8.three percent of men in this age group and 4.5 per centum of women in this historic period group⁵) reported that they engaged in heavy alcohol utilize in the by month.⁵ (Come across glossary for definitions of binge drinking and heavy booze use.)

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• Emerging Trend—High-Intensity Drinking: High-intensity drinking is divers as consuming booze at levels that are 2 or more times the gender-specific rampage drinking thresholds (Run into glossary for additional details near the definition of loftier-intensity drinking). Compared with people who did not binge drink, people who drank alcohol at twice the gender-specific binge drinking thresholds were lxx times more likely to take an alcohol-related emergency department (ED) visit, and those who consumed booze at iii times the gender-specific binge thresholds were 93 times more likely to accept an alcohol-related ED visit.⁶

Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) in the Us

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• People Ages 12 and Older: Co-ordinate to the 2019 NSDUH, fourteen.5 1000000 (virtually 15 million) people ages 12 and older^vii (5.iii percent of this age group^eight) had AUD. This number includes 9.0 million men⁷ (half dozen.eight percent of men in this historic period group⁸) and 5.5 1000000 women⁷ (three.ix percent of women in this age grouping^eight)

• Youth Ages 12 to 17: According to the 2019 NSDUH, an estimated 414,000 adolescents ages 12 to 17^vii (1.7 percent of this age group⁸) had AUD. This number includes 163,000 males⁷ (1.3 percent of males in this age grouping⁸) and 251,000 females⁷ (two.ane percent of females in this age group⁸).

Treatment of AUD in the United States

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• According to the 2019 NSDUH, virtually 7.2 percent of people ages 12 and older who had AUD in the past yr received any treatment in the past yr. This includes well-nigh 6.9 pct of males and 7.8 percent of females with past-twelvemonth AUD in this age group.⁹Co-ordinate to the 2019 NSDUH, about half dozen.4 percent of adolescents ages 12 to 17 who had AUD in the past year received any handling in the by year. This includes about half-dozen.4 pct of males and 6.4 per centum of females with past-twelvemonth AUD in this age group.⁹

• Co-ordinate to the 2019 NSDUH, about 7.3 percent of adults ages 18 and older who had AUD in the past twelvemonth received any handling in the past year. This includes about half-dozen.9 percent of males and seven.9 percent of females with past-year AUD in this age grouping.⁹

• Less than 4 percent of people with AUD were prescribed a medication canonical by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to care for their disorder.¹⁰

• People with AUD were more likely to seek care from a primary intendance physician for an alcohol-related medical problem, rather than specifically for drinking too much alcohol.^11,12

Booze-Related Emergencies and Deaths in the U.s.a.

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• The charge per unit of all alcohol-related ED visits increased 47 percentage between 2006 and 2014, which translates to an average almanac increase of 210,000 alcohol-related ED visits.¹³

• Alcohol contributes to about 18.5 pct of ED visits and 22.1 percent of overdose deaths related to prescription opioids.¹⁴

• An estimated 95,000 people (approximately 68,000 men and 27,000 women) die from alcohol-related causes annually,^xv making alcohol the third-leading preventable crusade of death in the Us. The commencement is tobacco, and the second is poor diet and physical inactivity.¹⁶

• Between 2011 and 2015, the leading causes of alcohol-owing deaths due to chronic atmospheric condition in the United states of america were alcohol-associated liver disease, heart disease and stroke, unspecified liver cirrhosis, upper aerodigestive tract cancers, liver cancer, supraventricular cardiac dysrhythmia, AUD, breast cancer, and hypertension.^fifteen

• In 2019, alcohol-impaired driving fatalities accounted for x,142 deaths (28.0 percent of overall driving fatalities).¹⁷

Economic Burden in the U.s.a.

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• In 2010, alcohol misuse cost the United states $249.0 billion.^xviii

• 3-quarters of the total toll of alcohol misuse is related to rampage drinking.^eighteen

Global Burden

• In 2016, iii million deaths, or 5.3 per centum of all global deaths (7.7 percent for men and 2.6 percent for women), were attributable to alcohol consumption. ¹⁹

• Globally, booze misuse was the seventh-leading adventure factor for premature expiry and disability in 2016.^xx

• According to a 2014 World Health Arrangement (WHO) written report, amid people ages fifteen to 49, alcohol misuse was the first-leading chance factor for premature death and inability.²⁰

• In 2016, approximately fourteen percent of total deaths amongst people ages 20 to 39 are alcohol attributable.²¹

• In 2016, v.3 percent of the brunt of disease and injury worldwide (134 million disability-adapted life-years [DALYs]) was owing to alcohol consumption.¹⁹

• In 2018, WHO reported that alcohol contributed to more than 200 diseases and injury-related wellness conditions, ranging from liver diseases, road injuries, and violence, to cancers, cardiovascular diseases, suicides, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS.²²

• In 2016, of all deaths attributable to booze consumption worldwide, 28.7 percent were due to injuries, 21.3 percent were due to digestive diseases (primarily cirrhosis of the liver and pancreatitis), xix percentage were due to cardiovascular diseases, 12.9 per centum were due to infectious diseases (including tuberculosis, pneumonia, and HIV/AIDS), and 12.half-dozen percent were due to cancers (most prominently those of the upper aerodigestive tract.)²¹
  

Consequences for Families in the United states of america

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• Approximately 10.5 pct (vii.5 million) of U.S. children ages 17 and younger alive with a parent with AUD, according to a 2017 report.²³

Underage Drinking in the U.s.

• Prevalence of Underage Alcohol Apply

  • Prevalence of Drinking: According to the 2019 NSDUH, 39.7 percent of 12- to 20-year-olds reported that they have had at least i beverage in their lives.²⁵ About 7.0 million people ages 12 to 20²⁴ (xviii.5 per centum of this age group²⁵) reported drinking booze in the past month (17.2 per centum of males and xix.9 percent of females²⁵).

  • Prevalence of Binge Drinking: According to the 2019 NSDUH, approximately iv.ii meg people ages 12 to 20²⁴ reported rampage drinking in the past calendar month. This represents 11.1 percent of people in this age group (10.four percentage of males ages 12 to xx and eleven.viii percent of females ages 12 to xx²⁵).

  • Prevalence of Heavy Alcohol Employ: Co-ordinate to the 2019 NSDUH, approximately 825,000 people ages 12 to 20²⁴ reported heavy alcohol use in the past month. This represents 2.ii per centum of this historic period group²⁵ (2.1 percent of males ages 12 to 20 and 2.3 per centum of females ages 12 to 20²⁵).

• Tendency in Underage Alcohol Use

  • NSDUH findings have demonstrated a decline in underage drinking. From 2002 to 2019, the prevalence of past-xxx-twenty-four hours booze use decreased 41.i pct for sixteen- to 17-year-olds, 54.7 percent for 14- to fifteen-year-olds, and 61.nine percentage for 12- to 13-yr-olds.²⁶

• Consequences of Underage Alcohol Employ

  • Research indicates that alcohol use during the teenage years can interfere with normal boyish brain development and increase the risk of developing AUD. In addition, underage drinking contributes to a range of acute consequences, such as injuries, sexual assaults, alcohol overdoses, and deaths—including those from motor vehicle crashes.²⁷

  • Alcohol is a factor in the deaths of thousands of people younger than historic period 21 in the United States each year. This includes:

    • 1,092 from motor vehicle crashes²⁸

    • i,000 from homicides²⁹

    • 208 from alcohol overdose, falls, burns, and drowning²⁹

    • 596 from suicides²⁹
      

Booze and Young Adults Ages 18 to 22

• Prevalence of Alcohol Use

  • Prevalence of Drinking: According to the 2019 NSDUH, 47.one percent of adults ages 18 to 22 drank alcohol in the past calendar month. Within this age group, 52.five per centum of total-fourth dimension higher students ages 18 to 22 and 44.0 pct of other persons of the same age drank booze in the past calendar month.³⁰

  • Prevalence of Binge Drinking: According to the 2019 NSDUH, 29.6 percent of adults ages xviii to 22 reported binge drinking in the past month. Within this historic period grouping, 33.0 percentage of full-time college students ages eighteen to 22 and 27.seven percent of other persons of the same age reported rampage drinking in the past month.³⁰

  • Prevalence of Heavy Alcohol Employ: According to the 2019 NSDUH, seven.0 percent of adults ages 8.2 percent of full-time college students ages 18 to 22 and 6.4 per centum of other persons of the aforementioned age reported heavy alcohol use in the past month.³⁰

• Consequences of Alcohol Use

  • Booze is a factor in the deaths of thousands of people ages xviii to 22 every year in the The states. The most recent NIAAA statistics estimate that this includes 1,519 higher students ages 18 to 24 who die from alcohol-related unintentional injuries, including motor vehicle crashes.³¹

  • Co-ordinate to the 2019 NSDUH, 8.1 pct of adults ages 18 to 22 met the criteria for past-year AUD. Inside this age grouping, eight.7 pct of full-time college students ages 18 to 22 and 7.seven per centum of other persons the same historic period met the criteria for AUD.³²

  • Although estimating the number of alcohol-related sexual assaults is uncommonly challenging—since sexual assault is typically underreported—researchers have confirmed a long-standing finding that ane in 5 college women experience sexual assail during their time in college.³³ A majority of sexual assaults in college involve alcohol or other substances.^34,35 Research continues in order to better understand the relationships between alcohol and sexual assail among college students. Additional national survey data are needed to ameliorate estimate the number of alcohol-related assaults.

Alcohol and Pregnancy in the United States

• Co-ordinate to the 2019 NSDUH, 9.five percentage of pregnant women ages 15 to 44 in the Usa used booze in the by month.³⁶

• The prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome in the U.s.a. was estimated by the Plant of Medicine in 1996 to exist between 0.5 and 3.0 cases per 1,000.³⁷

• An NIAAA-supported written report of more than 6,000 first graders across 4 U.S. communities estimated that equally many as 1–v pct of start-grade children take fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD).³⁸

Booze and the Human being Body

• In 2019, of the 85,688 liver disease deaths amongst individuals ages 12 and older, 43.i percentage involved alcohol. Amid males, 53,486 liver disease deaths occurred, and 45.6 percent involved alcohol. Amid females, 32,202 liver disease deaths occurred, and 39.0 percentage involved alcohol.³⁹

• Amongst all cirrhosis deaths in 2015, 49.v percent were alcohol related. The proportion of booze- related cirrhosis deaths was highest (76.viii per centum) amongst persons ages 25 to 34, followed by persons ages 35 to 44, at 72.seven percent.^forty

• From 2010 to 2016, booze-related liver disease was the primary cause of nearly 1 in iii liver transplants in the United states of america, replacing hepatitis C virus infection as the leading cause of liver transplantation due to chronic liver disease.^41,42

• Research has shown that people who misuse alcohol accept a greater risk of liver illness,⁴³ heart illness, depression, stroke, and stomach haemorrhage, also every bit cancers of the oral cavity, esophagus, larynx, throat,^44,45 liver, colon, and rectum.⁴⁶ These individuals may also take problems managing conditions such every bit diabetes, high claret pressure level, pain, and sleep disorders. They may increment their likelihood of dangerous sexual behavior.

• Alcohol consumption is associated with increased adventure of drowning⁴⁷ and injuries from violence,^48,49 falls,⁴⁹ and motor vehicle crashes.^49,50 Alcohol consumption is too associated with an increased risk of female person breast cancer,^46,51 oropharyngeal cancer,^46,51 esophageal cancer (particularly in individuals who inherit a deficiency in an enzyme involved in alcohol metabolism),^41,46,52 and harmful medication interactions.^53,54,55,56Alcohol consumption has been linked to risk for FASD in the offspring of women who consume alcohol during pregnancy.⁵⁷

Glossary

Booze-dumb driving fatality: A fatality in a crash involving a commuter or motorbike rider (operator) with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.08 yard/dL or more (*A BAC of 0.08 percent corresponds to 0.08 grams per deciliter, or 0.08 grams per 100 milliliters).

Booze misuse: Drinking in a manner, situation, corporeality, or frequency that could cause damage to users or to those around them. For individuals younger than the legal drinking historic period of 21, or for significant females, whatsoever alcohol use constitutes alcohol misuse.

Booze use disorder: A chronic brain disorder marked by compulsive drinking, loss of command over alcohol employ, and negative emotions when not drinking. AUD can be mild, moderate, or severe. Recovery is possible regardless of severity. The DSM-Iv, published past the American Psychiatric Association, described two distinct disorders—alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence—with specific criteria for each. The 5th edition, DSM-5, integrates the ii DSM-Iv disorders into a single disorder called AUD, with mild, moderate, and astringent subclassifications.

Whatsoever treatment: Treatment received at whatever location, such equally a hospital (inpatient), rehabilitation facility (inpatient or outpatient), mental health centre, ED, private doctor's office, cocky-assistance grouping, or prison house/jail.

Binge drinking:

• The National Institute on Booze Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) defines rampage drinking as a design of drinking that brings BAC levels to 0.08 g/dL or higher. This typically occurs after a woman consumes iv or more drinks or a human being consumes 5 or more than drinks—in almost 2 hours.⁵⁸
• The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), which conducts the almanac NSDUH, defines rampage drinking as consuming v or more than alcoholic drinks for males or iv or more alcoholic drinks for females on the aforementioned occasion (i.eastward., at the same time or within a couple of hours of each other) on at least i mean solar day in the past month.⁵⁹
• The Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey defines binge drinking as having 5 or more drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks.⁶⁰

Disability-adjusted life-years: A measure of years of life lost or lived in less than full health.

Heavy booze utilize (or heavy drinking):

• NIAAA defines heavy drinking as follows:
  • For men, consuming more than 4 drinks on any twenty-four hours or more than xiv drinks per week
  • For women, consuming more than than 3 drinks on whatever mean solar day or more than 7 drinks per calendar week
• SAMHSA defines heavy alcohol utilise as binge drinking on v or more days in the past month.

High-intensity drinking:

• Consumption of ii or more times the gender-specific thresholds for binge drinking, which is to say x or more than standard drinks (or alcoholic drinkable-equivalents) for males and viii or more for females. High-intensity drinking is consequent with drinking at binge levels II and III. The levels correspond to i to two times (I), 2 to iii times (II), and iii or more times (III) the standard gender-specific binge thresholds.six
• The MTF survey defines high-intensity drinking every bit consuming ten or more or fifteen or more than drinks in a row in the past two weeks.60

Patterns of drinking associated with AUD: Binge drinking and heavy alcohol apply tin can increase an private'south take chances of AUD. According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020–2025, adults of legal drinking age tin cull not to drink or to drink in moderation by limiting intake to 2 drinks or less in a day for men and 1 drink or less in a day for women, when alcohol is consumed. Drinking less is better for health than drinking more than. Some individuals should avoid alcohol completely.

Underage drinking: Alcohol utilize by anyone under the historic period of 21. In the United States, the legal drinking historic period is 21.

For more information, please visit: https://www.niaaa.nih.gov

¹ SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Wellness. Table two.17B – Alcohol Use in Lifetime among Persons Aged 12 or Older, past Age Group and Demographic Characteristics: Percentages, 2018 and 2019. https://world wide web.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29394/NSDUHD…. Accessed Dec eight, 2020.

² SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 2019 National Survey on Drug Utilize and Wellness. Tabular array ii.18B – Alcohol Employ in Past Twelvemonth among Persons Aged 12 or Older, by Age Group and Demographic Characteristics: Percentages, 2018 and 2019. https://www.samhsa.gov/information/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29394/NSDUHD…. Accessed Dec 8, 2020.

³ SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 2019 National Survey on Drug Apply and Wellness. Tabular array 2.19B – Alcohol Apply in By Month among Persons Aged 12 or Older, past Age Group and Demographic Characteristics: Percentages, 2018 and 2019. https://world wide web.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29394/NSDUHD…. Accessed December eight, 2020.

⁴ SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Tabular array 2.20B – Binge Alcohol Apply in Past Calendar month among Persons Anile 12 or Older, by Age Group and Demographic Characteristics: Percentages, 2018 and 2019. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29394/NSDUHD…. Accessed December 8, 2020.

^v SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Wellness. Tabular array ii.21B – Heavy Booze Use in Past Calendar month among Persons Aged 12 or Older, by Age Grouping and Demographic Characteristics: Percentages, 2018 and 2019. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29394/NSDUHD…. Accessed December 8, 2020.

^half-dozen Hingson, R.W.; Zha, W.; and White, A.Chiliad. Drinking beyond the binge threshold: Predictors, consequences, and changes in the U.S. American Periodical of Preventive Medicine 52(six):717–727, 2017. PMID: 28526355

⁷ SAMHSA, Middle for Behavioral Wellness Statistics and Quality. 2019 National Survey on Drug Employ and Health. Table 5.4A – Alcohol Use Disorder in Past Yr amid Persons Anile 12 or Older, past Age Group and Demographic Characteristics: Numbers in Thousands, 2018 and 2019. https://www.samhsa.gov/information/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29394/NSDUHD…. Accessed December viii, 2020.

^eight SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 2019 National Survey on Drug Utilize and Health. Tabular array five.4B – Alcohol Use Disorder in Past Year amid Persons Aged 12 or Older, by Age Grouping and Demographic Characteristics: Percentages, 2018 and 2019. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29394/NSDUHD…. Accessed December 8, 2020.

⁹ Population prevalence estimates (%) are weighted by the person-level analysis weight and derived from the data gear up, defining "any handling" as treatment or counseling designed to help reduce or stop alcohol use, including detoxification and any other handling for medical issues associated with alcohol use, as well as defining AUD as booze abuse or alcohol dependence co-ordinate to the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Transmission of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Wellness (NSDUH-2019-DS0001). Public data set. https://www.datafiles.samhsa.gov/study-dataset/national-survey-drug-employ…. Accessed Dec eight, 2020.

¹⁰ Mark, T.L.; Kassed, C.A.; Vandivort-Warren, R.; et al. Alcohol and opioid dependence medications: Prescription trends, overall and by doctor specialty. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 99(1-3):345–349, 2009. PMID: 18819759

¹¹ Rehm, J.; Anderson, P.; Manthey, J.; et al. Alcohol use disorders in primary health care: What do we know and where do we go? Booze and Alcoholism 51(four):422–427, 2016. PMID: 26574600

¹² O'Connor, P.G.; Nyquist, J.G.; and McLellan, A.T. Integrating habit medicine into graduate medical education in primary intendance: The time has come up. Annals of Internal Medicine 154(1):56–59, 2011. PMID: 21200039

¹³ White, A.Thou.; Slater, K.East.; Ng, Grand.; et al. Trends in alcohol-related emergency section visits in the Us: Results from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, 2006 to 2014. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 42(2):352–359, 2018. PMID: 29293274

¹⁴ Jones, C.Yard.; Paulozzi, L.J.; and Mack, Thousand.Chiliad. Booze involvement in opioid hurting reliever and benzodiazepine drug abuse-related emergency department visits and drug—related deaths—United states, 2010. Morbidity and Bloodshed Weekly Written report 63(40):881–885, 2014. PMID: 25299603

^xv Centers for Disease Command and Prevention (CDC). Alcohol and Public Wellness: Alcohol-Related Disease Impact (ARDI). Annual Average for U.s. 2011–2015 Booze-Attributable Deaths Due to Excessive Alcohol Use, All Ages. Available at: https://nccd.cdc.gov/DPH_ARDI/Default/Default.aspx. Accessed Dec 8, 2020. Methodology: According to CDC, due to scientific updates to ARDI, estimates of alcohol-attributable deaths or years of potential life lost generated in the current version of ARDI should not be compared with estimates that were generated using the ARDI default reports or analyses in the ARDI Custom Data Portal prior to July 30, 2020.

¹⁶ Mokdad, A.H.; Marks, J.S.; Stroup, D.F.; and Gerberding, J.L. Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. JAMA 291(10):1238–1245, 2004. Erratum in JAMA 293(3):298, 2005. PMID: 15010446

¹⁷ National Eye for Statistics and Analysis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Alcohol-impaired driving. In: Traffic Prophylactic Facts: 2019 Data. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, 2019. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813060. Accessed March 1, 2021.

^xviii Sacks, J.J.; Gonzales, One thousand.R.; Bouchery, E.East.; et al. 2010 national and state costs of excessive alcohol consumption. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 49(v):e73–e79, 2015. PMID: 26477807

¹⁹ WHO. Alcohol: Fact canvass. 2018. https://world wide web.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/particular/alcohol. Accessed December 8, 2020.

²⁰ GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators. Alcohol employ and brunt for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 392(10152): 1015–1035, 2018. https://world wide web.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/commodity/PIIS0140-6736(18)3131…. Accessed December viii, 2020.

²¹ WHO. Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2018. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press, 2018, p. xv. Accessed Dec 8, 2020.

²² WHO. Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2018. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press, 2018, p. vii. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274603/9789241565639-e…. Accessed December 8, 2020.

²³ Lipari, R.N.; and Van Horn, Due south.L. The CBHSQ Report: Children Living With Parents Who Have a Substance Use Disorder. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, August 24, 2017. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/report_3223/ShortReport…. Accessed December 8, 2020.

²⁴ SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Table 2.32A – Alcohol Use in Lifetime, Past Year, and Past Calendar month and Binge and Heavy Alcohol Use in Past Month amongst Persons Aged 12 to xx, by Demographic Characteristics: Numbers in Thousands, 2018 and 2019. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29394/NSDUHD…. Accessed December viii, 2020.

²⁵ SAMHSA, Heart for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Table 2.32B – Booze Utilise in Lifetime, By Year, and Past Calendar month and Rampage and Heavy Booze Employ in Past Calendar month amidst Persons Aged 12 to 20, by Demographic Characteristics: Percentages, 2018 and 2019. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29394/NSDUHD…. Accessed December viii, 2020.

²⁶ Methodology: Population prevalence estimates (%) are weighted by the person-level analysis weight and derived from Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health Public Use File Codebook. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2015; and Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health Public Utilize File Codebook. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2020. Public use data set. https://www.datafiles.samhsa.gov/study-dataset/national-survey-drug-apply…. Accessed December eight, 2020.

²⁷ NIAAA. Underage drinking. 2020. https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/UnderageDrinking/UnderageFact.h…. Accessed Dec 8, 2020.

²⁸ National Highway Traffic Prophylactic Administration. Fatality Assay Reporting System. https://www.nhtsa.gov/FARS. Accessed May 21, 2021.

²⁹ CDC. Alcohol and Public Health: Alcohol-Related Disease Impact (ARDI) public-use information file. Atlanta, GA: CDC, 2018. https://nccd.cdc.gov/DPH_ARDI/Default/Report.aspx?T=AAM&P=1A04A664-0244…. Accessed December eight, 2020. Methodology: According to CDC, due to scientific updates to ARDI, estimates of alcohol-attributable deaths or years of potential life lost generated in the current version of ARDI should not be compared with estimates that were generated using the ARDI default reports or analyses in the ARDI Custom Data Portal prior to July 30, 2020.

³⁰ SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 2019 National Survey on Drug Utilize and Health. Table 6.21B – Types of Illicit Drug, Tobacco Product, and Alcohol Use in Past Month among Persons Anile 18 to 22, by College Enrollment Status and Gender: Percentages, 2018 and 2019. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29394/NSDUHD…. Accessed Dec viii, 2020.

³¹ Methodology for arriving at estimates described in Hingson, R.; Zha, W.; and Smyth, D. Magnitude and trends in heavy episodic drinking, alcohol-impaired driving, and alcohol-related mortality and overdose hospitalizations among emerging adults of college ages eighteen–24 in the U.s.a., 1998–2014. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 78(4):540–548, 2017. PMID: 28728636

³² SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Tabular array 6.23B – Booze Use Disorder in Past Year among Persons Anile 18 to 22, past College Enrollment Status and Demographic Characteristics: Percentages, 2018 and 2019. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29394/NSDUHD…. Accessed Dec 8, 2020.

³³ Muehlenhard, C.; Peterson, Z.; Humphreys, T.; Jozkowski, Thou. Evaluating the one-in-v statistic: Women's risk of sexual assault while in college. The Periodical of Sex Research 54(four-5):549-5756, 2017.PMID: 28375675

³⁴ Carey, One thousand.B.; Durney, South.E.; Shepardson, R.L.; Carey, M.P. Incapacitated and forcible rape of college women: Prevalence across the first year. Periodical of Adolescent Health 56(half dozen)678-680, 2015. PMID: 26003585

³⁵ Lawyer, S.; Resnick, H.; Bakanic, V.; Burkitt, T.; Kilpatrick, D. Forcible, drug-facilitated, and incapacitated rape and sexual assail amidst undergraduate women. Journal of American Higher Health 58(5):453-460, 2010. PMID: 20304757

³⁶ SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Table vi.17B – Types of Illicit Drug, Tobacco Production, and Booze Use in Past Month among Females Anile fifteen to 44, by Pregnancy Status: Percentages, 2018 and 2019. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29394/NSDUHD…. Accessed Dec eight, 2020.

³⁷ Stratton, Chiliad.; Howe, C.; and Battaglia, F.; eds. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Handling. Washington, D.C.: Institute of Medicine, The National Academies Press, 1996.

³⁸ May, P.A.; Chambers, C.D.; Kalberg, W.O.; et al. Prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in four U.S. communities. JAMA 319(5):474–482, 2018. PMID: 29411031

³⁹ Estimated liver disease deaths include deaths with the underlying cause of expiry coded as alcoholic liver disease (K70), liver cirrhosis, unspecified (K74.0–K74.2, K74.6, K76.0, K76.7, and K76.nine), chronic hepatitis (K73), portal hypertension (K76.6), liver cancer (C22), or other liver diseases (K71, K72, K74.3–K74.5, K75, K76.1–K76.5, and K76.8). Number of deaths from Multiple Cause of Death Public-Use Data File, 2019 (https://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd.html). Booze-attributable fractions (AAFs) from CDC Alcohol-Related Affliction Affect (https://nccd.cdc.gov/DPH_ARDI/Default/Default.aspx, accessed January 4, 2021. Prevalence of alcohol consumption from the National Survey on Drug Utilise and Health, 2019, for estimating indirect AAFs for chronic hepatitis and liver cancer.

⁴⁰Yoon, Y.H.; and Chen, C.M. Surveillance Report #111: Liver Cirrhosis Mortality in the United States: National, Land, and Regional Trends, 2000–2015. Rockville, MD: NIAAA, Segmentation of Epidemiology and Prevention Research, April 2018. https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/surveillance111/Cirr15.pdf. Accessed Dec eight, 2020.

41 Lee, B.P.; Vittinghoff, E.; Dodge, J.Fifty.; et al. National trends and long-term outcomes of liver transplant for booze-associated liver disease in the United States. JAMA Internal Medicine 2019 [epub ahead of print]. Accessed December eight, 2020. PMID: 30667468

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Source: https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/alcohol-facts-and-statistics

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